ARGUMENT 模板
1．开头
·In this argument the author comes to the conclusion that ...
·To justify the claim, the author points out that...
·The author also cites that ....
·Close scrutiny of this argument reveals that it is unconvincing in several aspects.
2．中间三段过渡词
·First and foremost, ...
·In addition, ...
·Finally, ...
3．结尾
·In sum, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.
·To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to substantiate that ...and that ....
·Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibility of this argument until the author can provide more information about (why...and whether...).
4．survey
·The survey must be showed to be reliable before I can accept any conclusion the author reaches based upon it.
·However, the arguer fails to prove that the responses are accurate or that the respondents are statistically significant in number.
·Additionally, whether the sample is representative enough to reflect the overall attitudes in terms of ...deserves to doubt.
·Without evidence of the survey's reliability, it is impossible to draw any firm conclusion about ...based on the survey.
5．false analogy
·Even assuming that (别的)...are/is attributed to the implementation of ..., the author commits a false analogy in assuming that by the same means AAA will achieve the same result as BBB dose.
·The arguer fails to consider possible differences between AAA and BBB, which might help to bring about a different result for AAA.
·In fact, it is entirely possible that ...
·Perhaps ... Or perhaps ...
·Without accounting for these and other possible dissimilarities any analogy between the two ...is premature and the arguer can not assume that ...would bring about the same result in XX as ...did.
6．他因
·The argument unfairly claims that AAA is the result of BBB-rather than some other phenomenon.
·The arguer ignores a host of other possible reasons for AAA.
·Perhaps CCC. Or perhaps DDD.
·In short, without ruling out all other possible explanations for AAA, the author cannot convince me that by xBBB ... -let alone ...
·或者 Since the article fails to account for this alternative explanation for AAA, the article's author cannot make any sound inference (recommendations to ...) based on AAA.
7．Post hoc, ergo propter hoc
·The author commits a fallacy of "Post (Cum) hoc, ergo propter hoc" in assuming that BBB is the very cause of AAA.
·Although BBB occurred before (at the same time with) AAA, the only evidence is insufficient to prove a causal relationship.
·In order to establish a general causal relationship between BBB and AAA, other factors that might lead to AAA should be considered and eliminated.
·For example, CCC or DDD.
·The author's failure to investigate or even take into account other possible reasons for AAA renders the conclusion based upon it highly suspect.