11.The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg.
"Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."
A、提高垃圾收集费用并不一定能够促进可回收材料使用的增加，如果提高的费用小于人们改用可回收材料所需要支付的费用，显然很多人由于经济利益的驱使还是会选择继续使用不可回收材料的。
B、作者没有交待调查的基数，如果基数很小的话，例如只有10个人，那么即使有90%的人支持，由于样本数量过小，也不能够说明整体的情况。
C、即使是全部居民都有提高可回收材料的意愿，但是否能够落实到实际行动中作者也没有给予充分说明。即使能够落实到实际行动中，也不一定能够延长垃圾填埋坑的使用期限。因为即使人们希望提高可回收垃圾的数量，但是如果整个城市垃圾的产生速度更快，不可回收垃圾的产生速度更快，那么该垃圾填埋处仍然不能够得到延期。
12.The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing.
"During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in many on-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."
A、A公司比P公司多出现30%的工作时事故并不一定是由A公司员工的疲劳所致，A公司和P公司的工作性质可能不同，从而可能导致A公司的工作的危险性要高于P公司。
B、即使该情况是由于A公司的员工疲劳所致，缩短员工一个小时的工作时间也不一定能够保证员工充足的睡眠，进而减缓员工的疲劳。因为员工可能会利用多出来的一个小时做其他的事情。
C、即使缩短一个小时能够减少员工的疲劳，也不一定能够提高生产率(productivity)。生产率不但和员工的身体状况有关，还和员工的技术熟练程度有关，也和工厂的机器设备是否先进，是否稳定有关。
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