GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
Finally, consider social-spiritual leadership. Few would disagree that through their ability to
inspire others and lift the human spirit Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King were
eminently effective in leading others to effect social change through civil disobedience. It
seems to me that this brand of leadership, in order to be effective, inherently requires that the
leader remain steadfastly committed to principle. Why? It is commitment to principle that is the
basis for this brand of leadership in the first place. For example, had Gandhi advocated civil
disobedience yet been persuaded by dose advisors that an occasional violent protest might be
effective in gaining India's independence from Britain, no doubt the result would have been
immediate forfeiture of that leadership. In short, social-spiritual leaders must not be hypocrites;
otherwise, they will lose all credibility and effectiveness.
In sum, strict adherence to principles and objectives is a prerequisite for effective
social-spiritual leadership--both in the short and long term. In contrast, political leadership
wanes in the long term unless the leader ultimately yields to the will of the followers.
Finally, when it comes to business, leaders must strike a balance between the objective of
profit maximization--the traditional measure of effectiveness--and yielding to certain broader
obligations that society is now imposing on them.
Issue 72
"In this age of intensive media coverage, it is no longer possible for a society to regard any
woman or man as a hero. The reputation of anyone who is subjected to media scrutiny will
eventually be diminished."
In general, I agree with the assertion that intense media scrutiny nearly always serves to
diminish the reputation of society's would-be heroes, for the chief reason that it seems to be
the nature of media to look for ways to demean public figures whether heroic or not.
Moreover, while in isolated cases our so-called heroes have vindicated themselves and
restored their reputations diminished by the media, in my observation these are exceptional
cases to the general rule that once slandered, the reputation of any public figure, hero or
otherwise, is forever tarnished.
The chief reason why I generally agree with the statement has to do with the forces that
motivate the media in the first place. The media generally consist of profit-seeking entities,
whose chief objective is to maximize profits for their shareholders or other owners. Moreover,
our corporate culture has sanctioned this objective by codifying it as a fiduciary obligation of
80
any corporate executive. For better or worse, in our society media viewers, readers, and
listeners find information about the misfortunes and misdeeds of others, especially heroic
public figures, far more compelling than information about their virtues and accomplishments.
In short, we love a good scandal. One need look no further than the newsstand, local television
news broadcast, or talk show to find ample evidence that this is the case. Thus in order to
maximize profits the media are simply giving the public what they demand scrutiny of heroic
public figures that serves to diminish their reputation.
A second reason why I fundamentally agree with the statement is that, again for better or
worse, intense media scrutiny raises a presumption, at least in the public's collective mind, that
their hero is guilty of some sort of character flaw or misdeed. This presumption is
understandable. After all, I think any demographic study would show that the vast majority of
people relying on mainstream media for their information lack the sort of critical-thinking skills
and objectivity to see beyond what the media feeds them, and to render a fair and fully
informed judgment about a public figure--heroic or otherwise.
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