GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
In sum, emotions can serve as important catalysts for academic accomplishment in the arts.
Otherwise, however, students, and ultimately society, are better off by learning to temper their
emotions while nurturing judgment, tolerance, fairness, and understandlng--all of which are
products of reason and critical thinking.
Issue 44
"It is primarily through our identification with social groups that we define ourselves."
I strongly agree that we define ourselves primarily through our identification with social
groups, as the speaker asserts. Admittedly, at certain stages of life people often appear to
define themselves in other terms. Yet, in my view, during these stages the fundamental need to
define one's self through association with social groups is merely masked or suspended.
Any developmental psychologist would agree that socialization with other children plays a
critical role in any child's understanding and psychological development of self. At the day-care
center or in the kindergarten class young children quickly learn that they want to play with the
same toys at the same time or in the same way as some other children. They come to
understand generally what they share in common with certain of their peers---m terms of
appearance, behavior, likes and dislikes--and what they do not share in common with other
peers or with older students and adults. In other words, these children begin to recognize that
their identity inextricably involves their kinship with certain peers and alienation from other
people.
As children progress to the social world of the playground and other after-school venues,
their earlier recognition that they relate more closely to some people than to others evolves
into a desire to form well-defined social groups, and to set these groups apart from others.
Girls begin to congregate apart from boys; clubs and cliques are quickly formed--often with
exclusive rituals, codes, and rules to further distinguish the group's members from other
children. This apparent need to be a part of an exclusive group continues through high school,
where students identify themselves in their yearbooks by the clubs to which they belonged.
Even in college, students eagerly join clubs, fraternities, and sororities to establish their identity
as members of social groups. In my observation children are not taught by adults to behave in
these ways; thus this desire to identify oneself with an exclusive social group seems to spring
from some innate psychological need to define one's self through one's personal associations.
50
However, as young adults take on the responsibilities of partnering, parenting, and working,
they appear to define themselves less by their social affiliations and more by their marital
status, parental status, and occupation. The last of these criteria seems particularly important
for many adults today. When two adults meet for the first time, beyond initial pleasantries the
initial question almost invariably is "What do you do for a living?" Yet in my opinion this shift in
focus from one's belonging to a social group to one's occupation is not a shift in how we prefer
to define ourselves. Rather, it is born of economic necessity--we don't have the leisure time or
financial independence to concern ourselves with purely social activities. I find quite telling the
fact that when older people retire from the world of work an interest in identifying with social
groups--whether they be bridge clubs, investment clubs, or country clubs--seems to reemerge.
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