GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
Thus, the evolution of state marital-property laws aptly illustrates the virtue of a legal system
that allows laws to evolve to keep pace with changing mores, attitudes, and our collective
sense of equity. This same example also underscores the point that inflexible laws tend to
operate unfairly, and properly give way to more flexible ones--as our nation's founders
intended.
Issue 86
"The function of science is to reassure; the purpose of art is to upset. Therein lies the value of
each."
The speaker claims that individual enterprise, energy, and commitment, and not team-work,
provide the impetus for innovation in every case. In my view, although the claim is not without
merit, especially when it comes to business innovation, it overlooks the synergistic relationship
between individual effort and teamwork, particularly with respect to scientific innovations.
With respect to business innovation, I agree that it is the vision and commitment of key
individuals--such as a firm's founder or chief executive--from which businesses burgeon and
innovative products, services, and marketing and management strategies emerge. One
notable example involves the Apple Computer &bade following the departure of its founding
visionary Steve Jobs. It wasn't until Jobs reassumed the helm, once again injecting his unique
perception, insight, and infectious fervor, that the ailing Apple was able to resume its
innovative ways, thereby regaining its former stature in the computer industry. Admittedly, the
chief executives of our most successful corporations would no doubt concede that without the
cooperative efforts of their subordinates, their personal visions would never become reality. Yet,
these efforts are merely the carrying out of the visionary's marching orders.
Nevertheless, the speaker would have us accept a too-narrow and distorted view of how
innovation comes about, particularly in today's world. Teamwork and individual enterprise are
not necessarily inconsistent, as the speaker would have us believe. Admittedly, if exercised in
a self-serving manner--for example, through pilfering or back stabbing--individual enterprise
and energy can serve to thwart a business organization's efforts to innovate. However, if
directed toward the firm's goals these traits can motivate other team members, thereby
facilitating innovation. In other words, teamwork and individual enterprise can operate
synergistically to bring about innovation.
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