8.Each of two particular inspection systems that are based on different principles would detect all product flaws but would also erroneously reject three percent of flawless products.Assuming there is no overlap between the products erroneously rejected by the two systems and also no interference between the systems if both operate，using both systems and rejecting only those products found flawed by both would be a way of avoiding all erroneous rejections.
Which of the following most precisely characterizes the reasoning in the argument?
(A)The reasoning is conclusive，that is，the conclusion cannot be false if the statements offered in its support are true.
(B)The reasoning is strong but not conclusive，if the statements offered in support of the conclusion are true，they provide good grounds for that conclu-sion，though it is possible that additional infor-mation might weaken the argument.
(C)The reasoning is weak; the statements offered in support of the conclusion，though relevant to it，by themselves provide at best inadequate grounds for the conclusion.
(D)The reasoning is flawed in that the conclusion is no more than a paraphrase of one of the pieces of evidence offered in its support.
(E)The reasoning is flawed in that the argument treats evidence that a factor is necessary to bring about an event as if it were evidence that the factor is sufficient to bring about that event.
9.In recent years，there has been a dramatic decline in the population of the shrike，a predatory bird that inhabits flat land，such as farms and pastures.Some ornithologists hypothesize that this decline is due to the introduction of new，more effective pesticides to control the insect species on which shrikes prey.
The answer to which of the following questions is NOT relevant to evaluating the ornithologists' hypothesis?
(A)Was there a decline in the shrike population before the new pesticides were first used?
(B)Have shrike populations declined significantly in those habitats where the new pesticides have not been used?
(C)Have the new pesticides more significantly reduced the population of insect species on which shrikes prey than did the pesticides previously used?
(D)Are insects that have consumed the new pesti-cides more toxic to the shrikes that eat those insects than were insects that consumed the less effective pesticides?
(E)Are the new pesticides considered by most people to be less harmful to the environment than the old pesticides were considered to be?
10.Census data for Prenland show that unmarried Prenlandic men in their thirties outnumber unmarried Prenlandic women in that age group by about ten to One.Most of these men do wish to marry.Clearly，however，unless many of them marry women who are not Prenlandic，all but a minority will remain unmarried.
The argument makes which of the following assump-tions?
(A)Emigration from Preland is more common among women than among men.
(B)A greater proportion of Prelandic women in their thirties than of Prenlandic men of the same age would prefer to remain unmarried.
(C)It is unlikely that many of these unmarried Prenlandic men will marry women more than a few years older than themselves.
(D)Prenland has a high rate of divorce.
(E)Most of the unmarried Prenlandic men are unwilling to marry women who are not Prenlandic.
11.Certain extremely harmful bacteria found only in sewage are difficult to detect directly.Testing for E.coli，an easily detected and less harmful type of bacteria，in ocean water would be a reliable way of determining whether or not these more harmful bac-teria are present，since ocean water contains E.Coli only if the water is contaminated with sewage that contains the harmful bacteria.
Which of the following，if true，most seriously weakens the argument?
(A)There are many different strains of the E.coli bacteria，and only some of these strains are harmful.
(B)Some types of bacteria found in sewage are neither disease-causing nor difficult to detect directly.
(C)Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage along with E.coli are not harmful to people unless the bacteria are ingested in large quantities.
(D)E.coli dies out much more quickly than some of the more harmful bacteria found in sewage and then can no longer be easily detected.
(E)Some of the types of bacteria found in sewage along with E.coli reproduce at a slower rate than E.coli.
12.The organizers of tomorrow's outdoor concert announced that it will go on tomorrow on schedule unless bad weather is forecast or too few advance tickets are sold.If the concert is canceled，refunds will be made to ticket holders.Since some ticket holders have already been issued refunds even though more than enough advance tickets were sold，it must be the case that bad weather is forecast.
Which of the following is an error of reasoning con-tained in the argument?
(A)It proceeds as if a condition，which by itself is enough to guarantee a certain result，is the only condition under which that result would occur.
(B)It bases a conclusion that is known to require two conditions on evidence that bears on only one of those conditions.
(C)It explains one event as being caused by another event，even though both events must actually have been caused by some third，unidentified event.
(D)It treats evidence for the absence of one condi-tion under which a circumstance would occur as conclusive evidence that that circumstance will not occur.
(E)Evidence given to support the conclusion actually undermines it.
13.Although the prevailing supposition has been that it is too hot for microorganisms to survive deep below the Earth's surface，some scientists argue that there are living communities of microorganisms there that have been cut off from surface life for millions of years.These scientists base their argument on the discovery of living microorganisms in samples of material that were taken from holes drilled as deep as 1.74 miles.
The scientists' argument depends on which of the fol-lowing assumptions?
(A)The microorganisms brought up were of a species that is related to those previously known to science.
(B)No holes have been drilled into the Earth's surface to a distance deeper than 1.74 miles
(C)The microorganisms did not come from surface soil that came into contact with the drilling equipment.
(D)The stratum from which the samples came has been below the surface of the Earth ever since the Earth came into existence.
(E)The temperature at the bottom of the holes drilled was not significantly hotter than that of the hottest spots on the Earth's surface.
14.For 20 years all applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp were required to demonstrate that they could operate and repair the machinery that was central to EquipCorp's manufacturing business.Now，however，that particular machinery is obsolete，and very different machinery fills the central role.Therefore，the old requirement is no longer a useful method for evaluating whether applicants for jobs as technicians at EquipCorp have the skills necessary for the job.
Which of the following，if true，most strengthens the argument?
(A)The machinery that is now obsolete was used by a large number of manufacturing companies before it became obsolete.
(B)Among the people already holding jobs as tech-nicians at Equip Corp，those who are most skillful at operating the new machinery had been some of the least skillful at operating the old machinery
(C)Most people applying for jobs as technicians today have much broader skills than did people applying for jobs as technicians 20 years ago.
(D)The skills required to operate and repair the obsolete machinery are useful in operating and maintaining many other types of machinery at EquipCorp that are not obsolete.
(E)Much of the machinery that EquipCorp now uses in manufacturing is very likely to become obsolete within the next 20 years.
参考答案：A C B B E E A A E C D A C B
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