GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
Argument 100
In each city in the region of Treehaven, the majority of the money spent on government-run
public school education comes from taxes that each city government collects. The region's
cities differ, however, in the value they place on public education. For example, Parson City
typically budgets twice as much money per year as Blue City does for its public schools---even
though both cities have about the same number of residents. It seems clear, therefore, that
251
Parson City residents care more about public school education than do Blue City residents.
This argument concludes that Parson City residents value public-school education more
highly than Blue City residents do. To justify this conclusion the argument points out that in
both cities the majority of funds for public schools comes from taxes, and that Blue City
budgets only half as much money per year for its public schools as Parson City, even though
the population in both cities is about the same. The argument relies on a series of
unsubstantiated assumptions, which considered together render the argument wholly
unconvincing.
One such assumption is that the total budget for the two cities is about the same. It is
entirely possible that Blue City's total budget is no more than half that of Parson City. If so, then
the fact that Blue City budgets only half as much as Parson City for its public schools would
suggest at least the same degree of care about public-school education among Blue City's
residents as among Parson City's residents.
Even if Parson City devotes a greater percentage of its budget each year for its schools, the
argument relies on the additional assumption that this percentage is a reliable indicator of the
value a city's residents place on public-school education. Yet it is entirely possible, for example,
that Blue City's schools are already well funded, or that Blue City has some other, extremely
urgent problem which requires additional funding despite a high level of concern among its
residents about its public schools. Absent evidence that the two city's various needs are similar,
any comparison between the level of concern about public schools among residents in the two
dries based simply on funds spent for public schools is dubious at best.
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