GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
A third assumption upon which the argument rests is that the percentage of residents who
attend public schools is about the same in both cities. The argument indicates only that the
total population of the two dries is about the same. If a comparatively small percentage of Blue
City residents attend public schools, then the comparatively small amount of money Blue City
devotes to those schools might be well justified despite an equal level of concern about the
quality of public-school education among residents in the two dries.
Finally, although the argument states that in both cities "the majority" of money spent on
public schools comes from taxes, perhaps the actual percentage is smaller in Blue City than in
Parson City, and other such funds come from residents' donations, earmarked for public
education. Compliance with tax laws is scant evidence of taxpayer support of pub lic-school
education, while voluntary giving is strong evidence. Thus it is possible that Blue City residents
donate more money per capita for public-school education than Parson City residents do. If so,
this fact would seriously weaken the argument that Blue City residents place a comparatively
low value on public-school education.
In sum, the argument is unpersuasive as it stands. To strengthen it the argument's proponent
must provide clear evidence that the percentage of the budget allotted to public
schools, as well as the percentage of money spent on public schools and derived from taxes,
is about the same in both dries. To better assess the argument I would need to compare the
neediness of Blue City's public schools with that of Parson's public schools. I would also need
more information about other urgent financial needs in each city, and about the other sources
of the money applied toward public-school education in each city.
252
Argument 101
The following appeared in a letter to the Grandview City Council from a local business leader.
"During last year's severe drought, when the water supply in the Grandview city reservoir fell to
an extremely low level, the city council imposed much more rigid water-rationing rules. But just
after these rules were imposed, industrial growth in the area declined. This clearly shows that
the new rationing rules have hurt industry in Grandview. Therefore, to promote the health of
the local economy, the city council should now stop water rationing."
In this letter a Grandview City business leader concludes that in order to promote economic
health the city must abolish the water-rationing rules it implemented during last year's drought.
To support this conclusion the letter's author points out that since the city implemented these
rules industrial growth in the area has declined. However, this argument contains several
logical problems, which render it unconvincing as it stands.
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