GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
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Or consider the goal of providing basic food and shelter for an innocent child. Anyone would
agree that this goal is highly worthy--considered apart from the means used to achieve it. But
what if those means involve stealing from others? Or what if they involve employing the child in
a sweatshop at the expense of educating the child? Clearly, determining the worthiness of
such goals requires that we confront moral dilemmas, which we each solve individually--based
on our own conscience, value system, and notions of fairness and equity.
On a societal level we determine the worthiness of our goals in much the same way--by
weighing competing interests. For instance, any thoughtful person would agree that reducing
air and water pollution is a worthy societal goal; dean air and water reduce the burden on our
health-care resources and improves the quality of life for everyone in society. Yet to attain this
goal would we be justified in forcing entire industries out of business, thereby running the risk
of economic paralysis and widespread unemployment?
Or consider America's intervention in Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Did our dual interest in a
continuing flow of oil to the West and in deterring a potential threat against the security of the
world justify our committing resources that could have been used instead for domestic
social-welfare programs--or a myriad of other productive purposes? Both issues underscore
the fact that the worthiness of a societal goal cannot be considered apart from the means and
adverse consequences of attaining that goal.
In sum, the speaker begs the question. The worthiness of any goal, whether it be personal
or societal, can be determined only by weighing the benefits of achieving the goal against its
costs--to us as well as others.
Issue 109
"Society should identify those children who have special talents and abilities and begin training
them at an early age so that they can eventually excel in their areas of ability. Otherwise, these
talents are likely to remain undeveloped."
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