GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
Argument 49
In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most
respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up
study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked
out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be
concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.
This argument concludes that in a certain study about reading habits Leeville citizens
misrepresented their true reading habits. To justify this conclusion, the argument points out an
apparent discrepancy between their representations and the results of a follow-up study
showing that a different type of book is the one most frequently checked out from Leeville's
public libraries. However, the argument fails to account for several other possible explanations
for this apparent discrepancy.
First of all, the argument does not indicate how much time passed between the two studies.
During a sufficiently long interim period the demographic makeup of LeeviUe might have
changed, or the reading habits of the first study's respondents might have changed. In other
words, the longer the time between studies the less reliable the conclusion that respondents in
the first study misrepresented their reading habits.
Secondly, the argument fails to account for the possibility that the respondents in the first
study constitute a different population than public library patrons. Admittedly, both groups are
comprised of Leeville citizens. However, it is entirely possible that more highly educated
citizens who frequent the University library rather than public libraries, or who purchase books
195
rather than borrow them, are the ones who responded to the first study.
Thirdly, the argument fails to account for the possibility that literary classics, the book type
that the first study's respondents indicated they preferred, are not readily available at
LeeviUe's public libraries---or at least not as readily available as mystery novels. Experience
informs me that this is likely, because mystery novels are in greater supply and are cheaper for
libraries to acquire than literary classics. If this is the case, it provides an alternative
explanation for the fact that more mystery novels than literary classics are checked out from
Leeville's public libraries.
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