GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
To begin with, the editor's recommendation depends on the assumption that no factors other
than Liber's shift to big-city authors caused Liber's declining profits. However, common sense
informs me that this assumption is a poor one. A myriad of other factors, including
management and marketing problems, or shifting demand among book buyers, might just as
likely be the cause of Hber's declining profits. Without ruling out these and other possible
causes, the editor cannot justifiably conclude that by renaming to its original mission Liber will
return to profitability.
Even assuming Liber's move away from small-town authors was the cause of its dedining
profits, the editor's argument suffers from two classic fallacies which render the
recommendation indefensible. First, the editor infers that the only way for Liber to retum to
profitability is to return to its original mission. Yet absent evidence to the contrary, other means
of boosting its profits might also be available. Secondly, the editor infers that returning to its
original mission is a sufficient condition for Liber's returning to profitability. This inference is
also fallacious, at least without additional evidence to support it.
Finally, a careful reading of the argument reveals two additional problems. The editor
indicates that 90% of Liber's novels are written by authors who maintain a residence in a big
city. However, the editor fails to indicate whether these authors also maintain residences in
small towns. If they do, then Liber has not in fact departed from its original mission, and the
editor's argument is essentially moot. In addition, the editor fails to indicate what percentage of
Liber's publications are novels; the lower the percentage the less likely that Liber has in fact
departed from its original mission.
In conclusion, the editor's argument cannot be taken seriously as it stands. To strengthen it,
the editor must show that Liber has in fact departed from its original mission, and that this
departure was the actual cause of Liber's declining profits. To better evaluate the argument we
would need to know what other means, if any, are available to Liber to help return the company
to profitability.
Argument 84
The country Myria, which charges fees for the use of national parks, reports little evidence
of environmental damage. This strongly suggests that for the country Illium, the best way to
preserve public lands is to charge people more money when they are using national parks and
wilderness areas for activities with heavy environmental impact. By collecting fees from those
people who overuse public lands, Illium will help preserve those lands for present and future
generations.
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