GRE，全称Graduate Record Examination，中文名称为美国研究生入学考试，适用于除法律与商业外的各专业。由美国教育考试服务处(Educational Testing Service，简称ETS)主办，GRE是美国、加拿大的大学各类研究生院（除管理类学院，法学院）要求申请者所必须具备的一个考试成绩，也是教授对申请者是否授予奖学金所依据的最重要的标准。 另有，Generic Routing Encapsulation（通用路由封装）也简称GRE。
Finally, even if we accept the reliability of the study as it relates to men, the study does not
support the editorial's broad condusion that doctors should recommend to all patients vigorous
daily outdoor exercise. Since the study excluded women, it is entirely possible that a different
exercise regime would maximize female longevity.
In sum, the evidence cited in this excerpt does not permit any reliable inference about the
effect of exercise on longevity. To better assess the study's reliability I would need more
information about the number of respondents and the number of deaths among them by the
end of the 20-year period. I would also need information about the occupational and residential
history of each respondent. To strengthen the argument the editorial should either limit its
conclusion to men or provide evidence that its recommended exercise regimen also
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maximizes longevity for women.
Argument 43
The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.
"Too much emphasis is placed on the development of reading skills in elementary school.
Many students who are discouraged by the lonely activity of reading turn away from
schoolwork merely because they are poor readers. But books recorded on audiocassette tape
provide an important alternative for students at this crucial stage in their education, one the
school board should not reject merely because of the expense involved. After all, many studies
attest to the value of allowing students to hear books read aloud; there is even evidence that
students whose parents read to them are even more likely to become able readers. Thus,
hearing books on tape can only make students more eager to read and to learn. Therefore, the
school board should encourage schools to buy books on tape and to use them in elementary
education."
This editorial concludes that the school board should invest in audiocassettes because
listening to audiocassettes makes elementary students more eager to learn and to read. To
support this conclusion the editorial cites studies showing the value of listening to someone
else read. However, dose scrutiny of this evidence and of the editorial's line of reasoning
reveals that they provide little credible support for the editorial's conclusion.
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